Hi, the 2012 framework and revised development matters an be downloaded from the links on this page of the site -
EYFS 2012 much of what you've posted will be answered once you've had the opportunity to read through them.
Match the age of the children that you've been given - 2yrs & 3 to see which statements in the development matters guidance might apply.
There are two downloads that might help:
Activity planner - planning creative physical other area of learning observation
Development plan for observing & assessing individual children
Identify means to find out so if you're able to, see and ask how your setting or placement involves parents in creating an ongoing profile for their child, then you'll be able to respond via knowledge of professional practice.
I hope this helps.