There's not really enough info in your first question to help as it's such a huge area.
Formal obervations are those which are planned - you want to see something specific or you are doing a timed check - to perhaps see how long a child stays involved in a activities around the room. An informal observation happens spontaneously - you may see a child suddenly do something they were unable to do yesterday.
Does this help - sorry I couldn't help with the first one - have you a text book?
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